Voltammetry is a versatile electroanalytical method that measures current as a function of applied potential, offering insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of redox processes. We routinely employ cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode voltammetry (RDE), and related techniques to study redox-mediated organic transformations, informing reaction development and mechanistic investigation.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) examines the impedance response of an electrochemical system across a range of frequencies, allowing processes occurring at different timescales, for instances in bulk phases and at interfaces, to be decoupled. We employ EIC to probe electrode interfacial chemistry and investigate surface changes that affect the desired electrosynthetic reactions. These insights enable us to identify solutions to improve electrode performance and optimize reaction efficiency.

Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) is an advanced analytical technique that combines electrochemical methods with mass spectrometry to provide real-time, quantitative insights into electrogenerated volatile products. We leverage operando DEMS to identify and quantify small organic molecules that are generated in electrosynthetic transformations.